Refining of oil products is a very complex process. After being delivered to the refineries, they go through several stages before turning into ready-to-use products.

• primary distillation preparation;
  
• primary oil refining (production of oil distillation products);
  
• oil and gas recycling (oil distillation product quality improvement);
  
• oil products received refining.

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Primary distillation preparation

The oil wells products, extracted during drilling, contain impurities, which include water, salt, clay, soil particles, sand and APG (associated petroleum gas). The longer a mine is exploited, the more water and other impurities does the extracted raw material includes.

To avoid this, raw materials are subjected to the complex processing of oil and gas (purification) process, mechanical in the first stage, and after that - fine. In addition, mining products are split in oil and gas separators at the preparatory stage. In order to increase the efficiency of further processing, the crude oil is dehydrated and desalted using special electrical desalting plants.

Primary oil refining

The purpose of primary refining is the split of oil and gases into separate hydrocarbon fractions. Such distillation allows to obtain a whole range of oil products and semi-finished products. The product of the crude oil distillation is called straight-run.

This process is based on the difference in boiling points of various hydrocarbons groups. As a result, crude oil is divided into various light and dark fractions, which are straight-run oil products.

Oil recycling

Secondary refining is a thermal and catalytic effect on a straight-run oil refining product, which changes the hydrocarbons nature, contained in it.

The main technologies of oil refining:

• Fuel. With the help of this technology, various highest-quality fuels are received;
  
• Fuel and lube. With this technology it is possible to get not only fuel, but also lubricating oils and, asphalt;
  
• Petrochemical. The technology that includes the greatest variety of end products: fuels, oils, synthetic rubber, detergents, alcohol and many other chemicals.

Purification of the resulting oil products

Removal of undesirable components (distillates and residues from the oil distillation) that adversely affect the performance properties of fuels and oils from the oil products. Such components include sulfur and nitrogen compounds, asphalt-resinous substances, etc.

The EXPOSE-R is an European Space Agency experiment that was held on the outside of the Russian ISS segment for the 22 months. Its main aim was undertaking exobiological studies on the effects of the space environment (ultraviolet radiation, vacuum and ionizing radiation) on organic and biological materials. This would allow to explore the likelihood and limitations of the spread of life beyond the Earth on other planets in the Solar System, as well as provide a better understanding of the processes governing the interaction of life with the environment on Earth.

During the experiment, the selective effect of hard cosmic ultraviolet radiation (with a wavelength of 200 nm) on the resting forms of various biological objects was first established.

Spores of microorganisms, seeds of higher plants, dry crustacean embryos that survived in the absence of ultraviolet, exhibited in outer space, died influenced by it, but the spores of microscopic fungi (Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus versicolor) and the mosquito larvae (Polypedilum vanderplankii) partially maintained their vitality under these conditions.